PHYSIOLOGY

Physiology: is the science that deal with the study of the function of the healthy living organisms and the changes that occurs during activity. The goal of physiology: is to explain the physical and chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development, and progression of life. Each type of life, from the simple virus to the largest tree or the complicated human being, has its own functional characteristics. Therefore, the vast field of physiology can be divided into viral physiology, bacterial physiology, cellular physiology, plant physiology, human physiology, and many more subdivisions. Human Physiology: In human physiology, we attempt to explain the specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being. 2 Reconstruction of a typical cell, showing the internal organelles in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. 3 Organelle Function Nucleus Stores genetic information Nucleolus Makes ribosomes Cytoplasm Contains the contents of the cell Cytosol Gel-like matrix that holds water and nutrients Cytoskeleton Structure, support and transport Ribosome Makes protein Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Makes proteins for the endomembrane system Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Detoxifies the cell and makes lipids Golgi Apparatus Sorts proteins Mitochondria Makes energy Lysosome Removes unwanted material and waste Peroxisome Regulate biochemical pathways that involve oxidation Vacuoles Store water and nutrients Vesicles Transport materials around the cell Cell Membrane A thin flexible barrier that separates the cell from its environment 4 Cells as the Living Units of the Body The basic living (functional) unit of the living organism is the cell. Why? Because: 1- Most of the basic life processes are carried out at the cellular level. 2- The human body contains many different kinds of cells, each of which has characteristic shape and size and a particular function to perform. Each organ is an aggregate of many different cells held together by intercellular supporting structures. Each type of cell is specially adapted to perform one or a few particular functions. The many cells of the body often differ markedly from one another; all of them have certain basic characteristics that are alike. EX, 1- In all cells, oxygen reacts with carbohydrate, fat, and protein to release the energy required for cell function. 2- Further, the general chemical mechanisms for changing nutrients into energy are basically the same in all cells. 3- All cells deliver end products of their chemical reactions into the surrounding fluids. 4- Almost all cells also have the ability to reproduce additional cells of their own kind except neurons.

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