1. Which of the following is true about controlled drugs?**
A) They can be dispensed without a prescription.
B) They affect the mind or behavior and can only be dispensed with a prescription.
C) They are always used for non-medical purposes.
D) They are over-the-counter drugs.
**Answer: B) They affect the mind or behavior and can only be dispensed with a prescription.**
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### **2. The phenomenon where repeated doses of a drug lead to an increasing response is known as:**
A) Drug tolerance
B) Drug dependence
C) Cumulative effect
D) Drug interaction
**Answer: C) Cumulative effect**
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### **3. Anaphylactic reactions are:**
A) Mild allergic reactions that do not require treatment
B) Severe, life-threatening reactions that may require epinephrine or diphenhydramine
C) Always self-limiting and do not require medical intervention
D) A form of drug tolerance
**Answer: B) Severe, life-threatening reactions that may require epinephrine or diphenhydramine**
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### **4. Which of the following drugs is used to treat an anaphylactic reaction?**
A) Morphine
B) Epinephrine
C) Acetaminophen
D) Insulin
**Answer: B) Epinephrine**
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### **5. The phenomenon in which one drug reduces the effect of another drug is known as:**
A) Drug potentiation
B) Drug antagonism
C) Drug synergism
D) Drug dependency
**Answer: B) Drug antagonism**
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### **6. Synergism refers to:**
A) Two drugs interacting to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their individual effects.
B) Two drugs working independently of each other.
C) Two drugs that produce a combined effect less than the sum of their individual effects.
D) Two drugs acting in the same way, producing no additional effect.
**Answer: A) Two drugs interacting to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their individual effects.**
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### **7. Drug tolerance refers to:**
A) The body’s increased response to the drug after repeated administration.
B) The body's decreasing response to the drug after repeated administration, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.
C) The body's reaction to a new drug.
D) The physiological dependence on a drug.
**Answer: B) The body's decreasing response to the drug after repeated administration, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.**
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### **8. Which of the following is true about drug metabolism?**
A) It only occurs in the kidneys.
B) It is a process of changing a drug into a form that can be excreted.
C) It only occurs in the lungs.
D) It does not affect drug bioavailability.
**Answer: B) It is a process of changing a drug into a form that can be excreted.**
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### **9. The study of how genetic factors determine a person's response to drugs is called:**
A) Pharmacokinetics
B) Pharmacodynamics
C) Pharmacogenetics
D) Pharmacognosy
**Answer: C) Pharmacogenetics**
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### **10. Which of the following categories of drug action refers to replacing essential body substances?**
A) Curative
B) Substitutive
C) Palliative
D) Restorative
**Answer: B) Substitutive**
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### **11. The primary site of drug metabolism (biotransformation) is:**
A) Kidney
B) Stomach
C) Liver
D) Lungs
**Answer: C) Liver**
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### **12. A drug’s therapeutic index is:**
A) A measure of the safety margin between its therapeutic and lethal doses.
B) The time it takes for the drug to reach peak plasma concentration.
C) The amount of time the drug remains effective in the body.
D) The degree to which a drug causes an adverse effect.
**Answer: A) A measure of the safety margin between its therapeutic and lethal doses.**
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### **13. Which of the following drug administration routes has the fastest absorption rate?**
A) Intramuscular
B) Oral
C) Sublingual
D) Topical
**Answer: C) Sublingual**
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### **14. The process by which a drug is transported from the site of absorption to the site of action is called:**
A) Excretion
B) Distribution
C) Metabolism
D) Absorption
**Answer: B) Distribution**
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### **15. Which of the following statements about the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is correct?**
A) It prevents all drugs from entering the central nervous system.
B) It is highly permeable to many drugs, including antibiotics.
C) It protects the brain from certain chemicals and pathogens.
D) It allows all drugs to pass through it without limitation.
**Answer: C) It protects the brain from certain chemicals and pathogens.**
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### **16. The relationship between the minimum and maximum doses required to produce the desired drug response is known as:**
A) Dose-response relationship
B) Receptor theory
C) Therapeutic index
D) Bioavailability
**Answer: A) Dose-response relationship**
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### **17. Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects drug absorption?**
A) Blood flow to the absorption site
B) pH of the absorption site
C) Dosage form of the drug
D) Rate of excretion of the drug
**Answer: D) Rate of excretion of the drug**
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### **18. Which of the following describes a drug's "half-life"?**
A) The time it takes for the body to eliminate half of the drug's therapeutic effect.
B) The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the bloodstream to reduce by half.
C) The total time a drug remains in the bloodstream.
D) The time between the drug’s administration and its peak effect.
**Answer: B) The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the bloodstream to reduce by half.**
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### **19. Which of the following routes of drug administration bypasses the first-pass effect?**
A) Oral
B) Sublingual
C) Rectal
D) Intravenous
**Answer: D) Intravenous**
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### **20. Which of the following is NOT a type of drug interaction?**
A) Potentiation
B) Summation
C) Tolerance
D) Synergism
**Answer: C) Tolerance**
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### **21. In which situation would a loading dose be most appropriate?**
A) When a drug is needed to reach a therapeutic level immediately.
B) When a drug has a long half-life and requires slow administration.
C) When a drug has an immediate effect without the need for rapid absorption.
D) When drugs need to be metabolized over an extended period.
**Answer: A) When a drug is needed to reach a therapeutic level immediately.**
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### **22. The side effects of a drug are:**
A) Always desirable
B) Physiological effects not related to the drug’s desired effect
C) Severe and always cause harm
D) Always rare
**Answer: B) Physiological effects not related to the drug’s desired effect**
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### **23. The type of drug administration that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract is:**
A) Oral
B) Intravenous
C) Rectal
D) Subcutaneous
**Answer: B) Intravenous**
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### **24. Drugs are generally classified into categories based on:**
A) Their color and shape
B) Their price
C) Their therapeutic effects and chemical properties
D) Their brand names
**Answer: C) Their therapeutic effects and chemical properties**
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### **25. Which of the following is a major factor that affects drug excretion?**
A) Blood concentration
B) Kidney function
C) Drug potency
D) Receptor site binding
**Answer: B) Kidney function**
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### **26. Which of the following is a main barrier to drug absorption when taken orally?**
A) Blood-brain barrier
B) GI tract and hepatic first-pass effect
C) Kidney function
D) Liver metabolism
**Answer: B) GI tract and hepatic first-pass effect**
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### **27. A drug's ability to bind to a receptor is called:**
A) Efficacy
B) Potency
C) Affinity
D) Specificity
**Answer: C) Affinity**
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### **28. In which condition should a Category D drug be used during pregnancy?**
A) Only if the benefits outweigh the risks and the condition is life-threatening
B) In any trimester
C) As a first-line therapy for all pregnant women
D) When there is no alternative therapy available
**Answer: A) Only if the benefits outweigh the risks and the condition is life-threatening**
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### **29. Which of the following is NOT true about the therapeutic range of a drug?**
A) It is the range of drug concentrations that produce the desired therapeutic effect.
B) If the concentration is above the therapeutic range, it may cause toxicity.
C) If the concentration is below the therapeutic range, the drug may be ineffective.
D) The therapeutic range is constant across all patients.
**Answer: D) The therapeutic range is constant across all patients.**
### **30. Which of the following is a common adverse reaction to drugs?**
A) Immediate relief of symptoms
B) A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction like anaphylaxis
C) Increased therapeutic effect
D) Complete absence of side effects
**Answer: B) A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction like anaphylaxis**
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### **31. The therapeutic effect of a drug is defined as:**
A) The undesired effects of a drug
B) The primary, desired response or action of the drug
C) The ability of the drug to be metabolized by the liver
D) The rate at which the drug is excreted
**Answer: B) The primary, desired response or action of the drug**
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### **32. Which type of drug is used to destroy malignant cells in cancer therapy?**
A) Palliative drugs
B) Curative drugs
C) Chemotherapeutic drugs
D) Substitutive drugs
**Answer: C) Chemotherapeutic drugs**
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### **33. A drug's efficacy refers to:**
A) The drug’s ability to cause harm
B) The ability of the drug to produce a desired therapeutic effect
C) The drug’s half-life in the body
D) The number of side effects the drug causes
**Answer: B) The ability of the drug to produce a desired therapeutic effect**
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### **34. A competitive antagonist:**
A) Binds to the same receptor site as the agonist but does not produce a response
B) Increases the effects of the agonist
C) Binds to a different receptor and amplifies the drug’s effects
D) Is always more potent than an agonist
**Answer: A) Binds to the same receptor site as the agonist but does not produce a response**
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### **35. The term "receptor theory" suggests that:**
A) Drugs act by blocking receptor sites without producing any effect
B) Drugs can only act on DNA within the cell
C) Drugs act through receptors by binding to the receptor site to initiate or block a response
D) All drugs have the same mechanism of action
**Answer: C) Drugs act through receptors by binding to the receptor site to initiate or block a response**
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### **36. Which of the following is NOT an example of a drug’s therapeutic action?**
A) Pain relief from an analgesic
B) Reducing blood pressure with antihypertensive drugs
C) Inducing diarrhea with a laxative
D) Reducing muscle spasms with a muscle relaxant
**Answer: C) Inducing diarrhea with a laxative**
(*Note: A laxative would relieve constipation, not induce diarrhea.*)
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### **37. When is a maintenance dose of a drug most commonly used?**
A) To initially achieve a therapeutic effect quickly
B) To maintain a therapeutic level of the drug in the bloodstream
C) To increase the drug’s half-life in the body
D) To reverse the effects of a drug overdose
**Answer: B) To maintain a therapeutic level of the drug in the bloodstream**
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### **38. Which of the following is true about over-the-counter (OTC) drugs?**
A) They require a prescription to be dispensed.
B) They are typically less expensive than prescription drugs.
C) They are always safe and have no side effects.
D) They cannot be purchased without a prescription in any circumstance.
**Answer: B) They are typically less expensive than prescription drugs.**
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### **39. Which of the following statements best describes pharmacokinetics?**
A) The study of how drugs produce their effects on living systems
B) The study of the body’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs
C) The study of the genetic factors affecting drug responses
D) The study of the therapeutic use of drugs in treating diseases
**Answer: B) The study of the body’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs**
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### **40. Which drug administration route offers the most rapid onset of action?**
A) Oral
B) Intravenous
C) Intramuscular
D) Subcutaneous
**Answer: B) Intravenous**
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### **41. Which of the following is the most significant factor affecting drug excretion by the kidneys?**
A) Liver function
B) Blood pressure
C) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
D) Drug absorption rate
**Answer: C) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)**
---
### **42. What is the primary mechanism by which drugs exert their action on target cells?**
A) Through chemical reactions with cellular components
B) By binding to receptor sites on cell membranes or intracellular sites
C) By altering the chemical structure of the body’s natural enzymes
D) By decreasing blood pressure directly
**Answer: B) By binding to receptor sites on cell membranes or intracellular sites**
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### **43. Which of the following best describes a prodrug?**
A) A drug that has no effect until it is metabolized into an active form
B) A drug that is already active when administered
C) A drug that causes a toxic effect when given in high doses
D) A drug that blocks the action of other drugs
**Answer: A) A drug that has no effect until it is metabolized into an active form**
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### **44. The process of converting a drug into a form that can be excreted from the body is called:**
A) Absorption
B) Metabolism
C) Distribution
D) Excretion
**Answer: B) Metabolism**
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### **45. A drug’s "onset of action" refers to:**
A) The time it takes to reach its peak effect after administration
B) The time it takes for the drug to start producing the desired therapeutic effect
C) The time it takes to reach the maximum concentration in the blood
D) The total duration of the drug's effects
**Answer: B) The time it takes for the drug to start producing the desired therapeutic effect**
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### **46. Which of the following is an example of an adverse reaction to a drug?**
A) Drowsiness caused by an antihistamine
B) Increased heart rate after taking a beta-blocker
C) A skin rash from taking penicillin
D) Pain relief from taking ibuprofen
**Answer: C) A skin rash from taking penicillin**
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### **47. Which of the following is true about Category X drugs during pregnancy?**
A) They have been shown to be safe and beneficial to the fetus.
B) They can be used if the potential benefits outweigh the risks.
C) They should be avoided due to potential risks to the fetus.
D) They can be prescribed during any trimester with no risk.
**Answer: C) They should be avoided due to potential risks to the fetus.**
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### **48. A competitive antagonist:**
A) Binds to the same receptor site as the agonist but does not produce a response
B) Produces a greater response than the agonist
C) Blocks other types of receptors
D) Increases the binding affinity of the agonist
**Answer: A) Binds to the same receptor site as the agonist but does not produce a response**
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### **49. Which of the following is a characteristic of a drug’s "potency"?**
A) The drug’s ability to produce a therapeutic effect at a low dose
B) The drug’s ability to produce harmful side effects
C) The rate at which the drug is metabolized in the body
D) The time it takes for the drug to be eliminated from the body
**Answer: A) The drug’s ability to produce a therapeutic effect at a low dose**
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### **50. Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect drug absorption?**
A) Dosage form
B) Drug solubility
C) Liver function
D) pH of the stomach
**Answer: C) Liver function**